Although cancer vaccines have been tested in oncology for almost a decade, effective cancer vaccines have not been developed until recent years. However, as a result of better understanding of cancer genetics and immune system, effective cancer vaccines have begun to be developed.

For a new generation of cancer vaccines, also called adoptive cellular therapies, the immune system cells from the person are taken by the apheresis process, multiplied in the laboratory, and the cells of the individual tumor cells and the immune system cells are trained and then administered to the patient as a vaccine. Apart from these, there are also personal cancer vaccine applications such as tumor infiltrating T lymphocyte therapy T and CAR-T treatment.